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Fig. 18. Comparison of mid-stroke translatory forces between modes. (A) Relationship between downstroke deviation and mid-downstroke angle of attack, tip velocity and translatory force within Mode 2 (gray points) and Mode 1 (pink points). The regression of downstroke deviation vs mid-downstroke translatory force is shown for Mode 2 (black line; R2=0.58) and Mode 1 (red line; R2=0.63). (B) Relationship between dorsal amplitude and mid-upstroke angle of attack, tip velocity and translatory force within Mode 2 (gray points) and Mode 1 (pink points). The regression of dorsal amplitude vs mid-upstroke translatory force is shown for Mode 2 (black line; R2=0.04) and Mode 1 (red line; R2=0.05). (C) Relationship between downstroke deviation and mid-upstroke translatory force within Mode 2 (gray points) and Mode 1 (pink points). The regression of downstroke deviation vs mid-upstroke translatory force is shown for Mode 2 (black line; R2=0.23) and Mode 1 (red line; R2=0.43).





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