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Fig. 17. Comparison of temporal variation in angle of attack, tip velocity and
translatory force between modes. Time course of each parameter over the
downstroke and upstroke shown along a normalized time axis. Mode 2 strokes are
shown in black, and Mode 1 strokes are shown in pink. Mid-stroke was defined
as a normalized time of 0.55, indicated by the vertical dotted lines. (A)
Angles of attack over the downstroke. (B) Tip velocities over the downstroke.
(C) Translatory forces over the downstroke. (D) Angles of attack over the
upstroke. (E) Tip velocities over the upstroke. (F) Translatory forces over
the upstroke.