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Fig. 12. Variation of kinematic parameters in relation to dorsal amplitude. (A) Wingtip trajectories during the upstroke, shown for three individuals differing in dorsal amplitude. Colored circles indicate dorsal amplitudes. (B) Examples of wing orientations accompanying large (purple), intermediate (green) and small (turquoise) dorsal amplitude during the upstroke. (C) Relationship between dorsal amplitude and downstroke/upstroke ratio within the experimental population (R2=0.45). Colored circles indicate data for the three individuals shown in A.





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