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Fig. 3. Changes of vertical hip displacement (GTy,left+GTy,right)/2 (C), gravitational potential energy (Ep) (B) and kinetic energy (Ek) (A,B) of COM during walking in children of different age, and in a representative adult. The upper three traces show the forward (Ek,f), vertical (Ek,v) and lateral (Ek,l) kinetic energies of COM. Ek (B) refers to the kinetic energy in the sagittal plane (sum of Ek,f and Ek,v) that we used to characterize the classic pendulum behaviour in the sagittal plane. Dotted vertical lines correspond to foot contact (FC) of one leg. For older children and adults, the recordings of Ek and Ep do not extend to the whole cycle. Correlation coefficient between Ep and Ek is indicated for each trial.





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