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Fig. 5. Elementary fluid dynamics serves as the basis for mathematical and physical modeling. If volume flow rate holds constant as the diameter (and hence cross-sectional area) of the flow pipe decreases, flow velocity increases and pressure decreases. (A) Venturi manometer showing pressure drop as flow speed increases through the constriction in the pipe. (B) Flow tank data from 1/15 scale physical model showing changes in flow rate (recorded via videotape) as water moves from the upstream current through the anterior opening (AO) and out via the posterior opening (PO), plus pressures (recorded via transducers) at front and back of the oral cavity, showing a drop of 501 Pa (3.76 mmHg). Values are means ± S.E.M.





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