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Fig. 3. Inverted pendulum mechanics of the center of mass for dogs walking at a
range of speeds. (A) Recovery of mechanical energy via the inverted
pendulum mechanism
(recovery=117.5u2+213.6u27.1, where
u is speed; r2=0.38). (B) Mass-specific work
performed on the center of mass per distance traveled
(Wcom=0.407u20.718u+0.440;
r2=0.39). (C) Mass-specific mechanical work per unit
distance to lift (Ep; filled circles) and accelerate
(Ek; open circles) the center of mass
(Ep=0.088u20.236u+0.332,
r2=0.88;
Ek=0.153u2+0.412u0.032,
r2=0.88). (D) Phase difference between the fluctuations in
Ep and Ek
(phase=75.5u2+62.7u+196.4;
r2=0.44). Values are means ±
S.E.M. for all of the dogs. Lines are
least-squares regressions.