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Fig. 3. Red and white axial muscle electromyography traces of a locomoting trout
shown with corresponding ventral video images taken at evenly spaced
intervals, for one oscillation of the center of mass. When swimming in uniform
flow at 3.5 L s–1 (A), waves of red muscle activity
propagate down each side of the body. Open rectangles provide an arbitrary,
fixed reference point to assess lateral body amplitudes. The same fish
Kármán gaiting behind a cylinder placed in a 3.5 L
s–1 flow (B,C) activates its red muscles (R1) on one side of
its body but not the other (R1* or R3*). B shares the same scale as A to
facilitate comparison during one center of mass (COM) cycle. B is a subset of
C, which shows the rhythmic nature of R1 activity. Open rectangles are aligned
with the center of the cylinder, located approximately 1.5 L upstream
(not shown). Scale bars are given for time (black, horizontal), muscle
intensity (black, vertical) and lateral amplitude of COM (gray).
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