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Fig. 9. Representative EMG tracing recorded when Naja nigricollis spat venom. Note the temporal congruence in the activity patterns of the M. adductor mandibulae externus superficialis (AMES) and the M. protractor pterygoideus (PP). Because the venom must travel from the fang to the detector, the signal from the spit detector is always delayed relative to the electrical activity within the muscles.





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