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Fig. 5. Manganese treatment induces precocious foraging. (A) Effects of
MnCl2, ZnCl2 and 8-Br-cGMP on age at onset of foraging.
% initiating foraging refers to the percentage of bees from each treatment
group that were observed to initiate foraging (data pooled from six individual
experimental colonies; pooled numbers shown in key). (B) Effects of
MnCl2, ZnCl2 and 8-Br-cGMP on tendency to collect
pollen. Bars represent means ± S.E.M.
of the percent of foragers from each colony returning with pollen. There was a
significant difference among the treatment groups (P<0.05; PROC
GENMOD; counts of foragers converted to percentages solely for graphical
purposes), but no consistent trends were evident when examining the data for
each colony (N=6; line graphs). Differences in the proportion of bees
starting to forage from each treatment group were evaluated with multiple
factor survival analysis with Cox proportional hazards estimation
(Ben-Shahar et al., 2002b).
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