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Fig. 2. Behavioral development affects Amvl brain expression and manganese
levels. (A) qRT-PCR analysis of Amvl expression in individual brains
of nurses and foragers from triple-cohort colonies (in which bees display
age-appropriate behavior; nurses were 7 days old; foragers were >21 days
old). (B) qRT-PCR analysis of Amvl expression in individual brains of
nurses and foragers from single-cohort colonies (in which some bees display
precocious behavior; nurses and foragers 7-9 days old). (C) Manganese levels
in individual heads of nurses and foragers from a triple-cohort colony (ages
as in A). (D) Manganese levels in individual heads of nurses and precocious
foragers from a single-cohort colony (ages as in B). Graphs represent means
± S.E.M. (converted to the same
arbitrary scale as the mean) from ANOVA-adjusted pooled data of four
independent colonies. Different letters above bars represent groups that were
significantly different by the ANOVA Bonferroni post hoc analysis
(P<0.05). Numbers in bars represent sample size.
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