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Fig. 2. Hypoxia activates SAPK pathways, leading to neuronal cell death. During arousal thermogenesis, attenuation of SAPK activation due to hypothermia, immune modulation and enhanced antioxidant defenses, such as increased brain ascorbate concentrations, may tip downstream consequences towards a pro-regenerative and/or synaptogenic outcome. JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase; ATF-2, activating transcription factor 2; ROS, reactive oxygen species.





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