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Fig. 4. Drag coefficients are plotted as functions of time for one stroke cycle.
The arrows along the axis show the times at which streamline plots in Figs
9,
10 were drawn. The angles of
attack were chosen to produce a symmetric stroke. In all cases, the angle of
attack was 45°. Reynolds number (Re) was varied by changing the
translational velocity of the wing from 0.00375 to 0.06 m s-1. In
general, drag coefficients increase with decreasing Re. Maximum drag
forces occur during acceleration from rest at the beginning of the downstroke
and rotation at the end of the downstroke and at the beginning of the
upstroke.
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