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Fig. 13. Lift coefficients as functions of time are plotted for five angles of
attack for an Re of 128. For each simulation, the same angle of
attack was used on the downstroke and upstroke. The angles of attack for the
five simulations were 10°, 20°, 30°, 40° and 50°. The
maximum translational velocity of the wing was 0.06 m s-1. Lift
coefficients are greatest for an angle of attack near 40°. Maximum lift
forces occur during acceleration from rest at the beginning of each half
stroke and during rotation at the end of the downstroke and at the beginning
of the upstroke.
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