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Fig. 10. Streamline plots of fluid velocity around a flapping wing for one stroke
cycle starting from rest, at an Re of 8. The arrow on the wing shows
the direction of the normalized aerodynamic forces acting on the wing. The
angle of attack during pure translation was 45° for both the downstroke
and the upstroke. The maximum translational velocity was 0.00375 m
s-1. The colors of the streamline reflect the value of the stream
function, 
, along the streamlines. Red denotes the most positive values
and blue denotes the most negative values. Note that both the leading and the
trailing edge vortices remain attached to the wing except during stroke
reversal (A-D and F-I). This differs from the higher Re case, where
lift forces oscillate due to the alternate shedding of leading and trailing
edge vortices. Similar vortex dynamics were observed for Re up to
32.
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