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Fig. 2. Kinematics of adduction. (A) Markers were placed to span the cuticle of the
subcoxa (circles), coxa (diamonds), planta (squares) and subcoxa-coxa membrane
(triangles). These were tracked in three dimensions during adduction and the
distance between them calculated to estimate the main site of extension. Most
of the total extension results from an increase in the spacing across the
subcoxa-coxa membrane with a small contribution from cuticle stretching in the
subcoxa. (B) In a related experiment, markers were placed at lateral
(squares), central (triangles) and medial (circles) positions spanning the
subcoxa-coxal membrane and their spacing tracked during adduction. Both the
rate and extent of membrane stretching are greatest at the lateral margin and
decrease towards the medial surface causing adduction. In all cases, extension
and adduction are coincident. In each figure, the results are the mean length
changes (± S.E.M.) from three discrete
adductions in one larva. Data from each adduction were aligned relative to the
transition point from decreasing to increasing length at the subcoxa-coxal
membrane but were otherwise not normalized. Different larvae were used for A
and B and each panel is representative of nine adductions in three larvae.
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