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Fig. 3. Axial and bending strains in the radius determined from the cranio-caudal longitudinal principal strain data based on means for the individual trials at a given speed and gait for all small and intermediate animals. (A) Axial strain (_ax), (B) bending strain (_b) and (C) percentage of total strain due to bending plotted versus speed. Data for the small and intermediate groups are represented by circles and squares, respectively. Data for walking, trotting and galloping trials are represented by open, filled and open with a dot symbols, respectively. The solid regression line is fit to the data for the small group. The broken line is fit to the data for the intermediate group. In A, the equations of the regression lines (±95% CI for the slope, r²) for the small and intermediate groups are y=–49.7–60.8x (±22.5, r²=0.48) and y=–186.9–48.6x (±89.7, r²=0.04), respectively. In B, small, y=44.3+241.3x (±58.8, r²=0.68); intermediate, y=312.5+147.2x (±53.0, r²=0.54). In C, small, y=69.0+2.4x (±3.7, r²=0.05); intermediate, y=65.0+2.3x (±6.5, r²=0.02). The mean percentage of strain due to bending observed for the adult group is indicated at 89% (Biewener and Taylor, 1986). Due to the large variation among individuals within each size/age group, trends from the small and intermediate groups are not significantly different. One goat from the small group (triangles) exhibited tensile axial strains and, although shown, was not included in the analyses of loading mode. The outlying tensile axial strains of this animal resulted from a strain distribution in which both the cranial and caudal surfaces were loaded in longitudinal tension and were near the neutral axis of bending, corresponding to the low strains that were recorded at the time of peak strain on the two surfaces.

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