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Fig. 3. (A) Strain and (B) electromyogram (EMG) signals recorded from the dl1 muscle during tethered flight. In the sequence shown, the rest length in the quiescent moth (Lr; upper broken line) is 4% longer than the operational length (Lop; lower broken line). The dl1 muscles fired a single spike near the onset of muscle shortening in each wing-stroke. The time scale (ordinate) is the same for both traces. The wing-stroke frequency in this sequence was 23 Hz (Table 1, moth 4).





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