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Fig. 5. A set of inter-individual mean curves showing the patterns of acceleration
and wing movement across a single wingbeat from the start of upstroke to the
end of downstroke across a range of speeds. Light gray regions denote
downstroke. Solid lines indicate the inter-individual mean response, while
broken lines show the mean ± 1 S.D. A, B and C correspond to
results from flight speeds of 1 m s–1, 7 m
s–1 and 13 m s–1, respectively. None of the
birds in this study was able to sustain faster flight speeds with the
recording equipment attached. Note that the aerodynamic acceleration vectors
include drag from the data cable and accelerometers. Removing drag would not
change the mean horizontal acceleration over a wingbeat cycle but would
probably reduce the instantaneous magnitude of the acceleration. The maximum
drag measured on the accelerometer and cable (at 13 m s–1)
would generate an acceleration of approximately 2.6 m s–2,
much less than the observed acceleration magnitudes.
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