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Fig. 6. Tongue protraction in Phrynomantis bifasciatus when prey is placed directly in front of the animal. (A) Normal feeding. There is no deviation of the tongue when attempting to capture prey. (B) After right unilateral m. submentalis and m. intermandibularis denervation, the tongue is protracted normally. (C) After right unilateral m. genioglossus (both longitudinalis and dorsoventralis) denervation, the tongue deviates towards the right (inactive) side. Animals are no longer able to capture prey placed directly in front of the head or towards the active side.





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