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Fig. 7. A schematic model to describe neural mechanisms by which multisensory input is linked to motor output. Visual (blue) and olfactory (red) feedback projects along separate neural pathways to the flight motoneurons of the thorax. Olfactory feedback is selectively targeted to the motoneurons of both the indirect power muscles and constitutively active steering muscles – resulting in tonic elevation in wingbeat frequency (WBF) and sum of wingbeat amplitude ({Sigma}WBA) in response to odor. Visual feedback activates steering muscles that initiate rapid, phasic changes in wingbeat amplitude resulting in collision avoidance maneuvers. The superposition of both motor responses could alter body posture or heading to bias flies' overall flight trajectory towards visual features associated with attractive odorants.





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