Fig. 5. Variation in pectoralis power, pectoralis work and wingbeat frequency across flight speeds. All values are inter-individual means (N=5 for each speed) normalized as a percentage of the overall mean for each parameter. Standard deviations are not shown to improve clarity (these are presented in Table 2). These data show that pectoralis power is determined mainly by changes in muscle work per wingbeat and not by wingbeat frequency.

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