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Fig. 1. Transfer of Paramecium to ß,{gamma}-methylene ATP (met-ATP) causes immediate avoiding reactions (AR). Digital video imaging shows the swimming path of a cell to be relatively straight in the control solution (A), while a different cell in 25 µmol l-1 ß,{gamma}-methylene ATP shows repetitive jerking back and forth, indicative of AR (B). The video capture rate was approximately 16 frames s-1. (C) The percentage of cells showing AR (% AR) increased in a concentration-dependent manner, with 100% of the cells showing AR at concentrations of ß,{gamma}-methylene ATP above 25 µmol l-1 and an EC50 of approximately 12 µmol l-1. Each point represents the mean ± S.D. of three trials.





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