Fig. 3. Simulation of worker heating with an artificially heated thorax (setup C). The cross-section shows one side of a comb. In different cycles, the thorax was placed inside an empty cell (variation A) or on the comb surface either touching the cap (variation B: d=0 mm) or at a distance of 1.0–1.5 mm from the brood cap (variation C). The locations of thermistors for measurement of thorax temperature (T_th), cap temperature (T_cap) and brood temperature (T_brood) are indicated. Other than shown, the T_cap thermistors were not introduced from brood cell #2 but from adjacent cells in the background that were not used for temperature measurements. Abbreviations: d, distance; m, middle wall of the comb; R, resistor inside an isolated bee thorax.

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