Fig. 2. Close-up thermographic recordings of bees inside three empty cells adjacent to brood cells. A and B show a view of the same cells at different times. x, y and z each indicate the bottom of one of the observation cells. The white lines indicate the middle wall. (A) Three heating bees with different thorax temperatures (T_th); all of them are seen from their dorsal sides. (B) A resting bee in cell y and a heating bee in cell z (turned upside-down). Cell x is empty. Abbreviations: abd, abdomen; hd, head; th, thorax; w, wing. Asterisks mark the wax walls of two sealed pupae cells adjacent to the observation cells. The temperatures refer to the bee thorax.

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