Fig. 9. Polar plot comparisons of data from different studies of insect flight. Dotted lines signify coefficients for flapping translation and continuous lines for non-flapping translation. The values in parentheses signify the upper and lower limits of travel in chord lengths within which values were averaged. Values at the beginning and end of each plot signify the angle of attack in degrees. These data are derived from the following studies: Tipula oleracea (Re=1500; orange; Nachtigall, 1977), Schistocerca gregaria (Re=2000; light blue; Jensen, 1956), Bombus (Re=2500; black; Dudley and Ellington, 1990b), Manduca sexta (Re=7300; purple; Willmott and Ellington, 1997a), Drosophila virilis (Re=200; grey; Vogel, 1967), 2-D model Drosophila wings (Re=200; dark blue; Dickinson and Götz, 1993), model flapping Drosophila (Re=150; red; Dickinson et al., 1999), model flapping Manduca (Re=8000; green; Usherwood and Ellington, 2002a). Please note that the Reynolds number (Re) values are approximate and broadly representative of the aerodynamic regime. C_D, coefficient of drag; C_L, coefficient of lift.

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