Fig. 8 A hypothesis for wing–wake interactions. Parts A–F depict a wing section as it reverses stroke. As the wing transitions from a steady translation (A) phase and rotates around a chordwise axis in preparation for a stroke reversal, it generates vorticity at both the leading and trailing edges (B). These vortices induce a strong velocity field (dark blue arrows) in the intervening region (C,D). As the wing comes to a halt and then reverses stroke (D,E), it encounters this jet. As the wing interacts with its wake, a peak is registered in the aerodynamic force record (light blue arrows), which is sometimes called wake capture or wing–wake interaction. U, free-stream velocity.

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