Fig. 8. Thrust and drag predicted by the quasi-steady model to act on the body of a freely swimming larva at different Reynolds numbers (Re). The graphs on the left (A,C,E) show a representative time series of the skin friction (violet lines) and form force (green lines) acting on the trunk and tail for approximately 4.5 tail beats with the same non-dimensional tail kinematics and different body lengths. Thrust acts in the positive direction and drag acts in the negative direction. The total force is the sum of skin friction and the form force. The graphs on the right (B,D,F) illustrate the percentage of the total thrust and drag that is generated by skin friction and form force that acts on the trunk and tail. Error bars denote ±1 S.D., which is variation generated by running simulations with different kinematic patterns (N=5). Re was varied by changing the body length of model larvae.

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