Fig. 4. Models of transepithelial NaCl and KCl secretion across Malpighian tubules of the yellow fever mosquito. (A) Molecular model of transcellular Na⁺ and K⁺ secretion and paracellular Cl^- secretion. (B) Electrical equivalent circuit of transepithelial electrolyte secretion. Na⁺ and K⁺ are actively transported through principal cells, and Cl^- is passively transported from hemolymph to tubule lumen through the shunt pathway. E, electromotive force; V, voltage; R, resistance; t, transepithelial; bl, basolateral membrane; a, apical membrane; sh, shunt. Reproduced with permission from Beyenbach (2001).

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