Fig. 1. The modified Y-choice apparatus. The bees enter at the front through a hole 5 cm diameter into a choice chamber, from which they can see both targets. They decide to enter through one of the baffle orifices 5 cm wide. To prevent the bees from learning which side to go, the targets and the reward change sides every 5 min. Odours are extracted by the air pipes. +, rewarded training pattern; –, training pattern without reward.

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