Fig. 4. Force–velocity (P–V) characteristics of ATP-dependent actin–myosin sliding causing cytoplasmic streaming. (A) Constant velocity sliding of a cytoplasmic myosin-coated bead along actin cables under different positive beads. (B) P–V curve constructed from six different beads with large (8.6–13 pN) maximum isometric force (P₀). (C) P–V curve constructed from six different beads with small (1.0–2.4 pN) maximum isometric force (P₀). Data points in the P–V curves represent mean values, with vertical and horizontal bars indicating S.D. (N=6). (D) P–V curve for the movement of a bead under negative loads, expressed in pN.

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