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Fig. 1. Swimming in larval lamprey. (A) Idealized diagram illustrating the sequential movements, from left to right, of a lamprey swimming in a forward direction. (B, top) Diagram of a larval lamprey showing the positions of muscle recording electrodes (1-5). (B, bottom) Idealized locomotor activity generated during swimming, characterized by left-right alternation (1{leftrightarrow}2 and 3{leftrightarrow}5) and a rostrocaudal phase lag (1->5, 2->3 and 3->4). Parameters of locomotor activity: (i) Cycle time (T), defined as the time interval between successive cycles or bursts, is inversely related to burst frequency f(f=1/T) and swimming speed. (ii) Burst duration (BD) is defined as the interval between the onsets and offsets of bursts. (iii) Burst proportion (BP) is calculated as the ratio of burst duration and cycle time (BD/T). (iv) Burst delay (d) is the interval between rostral and caudal bursts in the same cycle on the same side of the body. (v) Intersegmental phase lag ({phi}) is calculated as the ratio of burst delay and cycle time divided by (i.e. normalized to) the number of intervening body segments (N) between the recording sites [(d/T)/N].





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