Fig. 3. Linear relationships between _O2 and fH of (A) barnacle geese and (B) bar-headed geese walking on a treadmill and flying in a wind tunnel. The filled circles show data from a single bird of each species from which most data on the relationships between fH and _O2 were obtained during flight (N=12 flights by barnacle goose B-B and 11 flights by bar-headed goose BH-O). The open symbols show data from other birds. Different symbols indicate different birds (8-12 points for each of four additional individuals of each species for walking and four flights by three additional barnacle geese). The thick solid lines show the common relationships between fH and _O2 during walking [barnacle geese, _O2=(0.32±0.03)fH-(11.0±7.1), r²=0.70; ANCOVA, fH, F_1,49=91.9, P<0.001; slope, F_4,49=1.9, P=0.1; intercept, F_4,49=13.1, P<0.001; bar-headed geese, _O2=(0.41±0.02)fH+(2.9±5.2), r²=0.91; fH, F_1,53=270.5, P<0.001; slope, F_4,53=2.3, P=0.08; intercept, F_4,53=13.6, P<0.001]. The thin solid lines show the relationships between fH and _O2 during walking and flight by barnacle goose B-B [walking, _O2=(0.47±0.08)fH-(35.9±15.0), r²=0.78, P<0.001, N=11, obscured by thick solid line; flight, _O2=(1.42±0.21)fH-(304.4±95.2), r²=0.82, P<0.001, N=12] and bar-headed goose BH-O [walking, _O2=(0.35±0.04)fH+ (12.1±8.2), r²=0.88, P<0.001, N=13; flight, _O2=(1.97±0.22)fH-(467.5±100.3), r²=0.90, P<0.001, N=11]. The broken lines show the 95% prediction intervals for the relationships between _O2 and fH during flight for barnacle goose B-B and bar-headed goose BH-O.

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