Fig. 6. Responses to stepped walls. (A) The dimensions of the training and test walls from an experiment in which ants were trained to a 20 cm high wall and tested with a stepped wall. (B) Plots of mean headings during training (black lines) and under test conditions (grey lines). (C) Mean differences between test runs and training runs. Each test run is paired with the previous training run from the same ant. Error bars show the 95% confidence interval of the mean. The significance of these differences is calculated using a two-tailed t-test, tested against zero. Significant results are highlighted on the graph; ^**P<0.005, ^*P<0.05. Means are calculated from 22 test and 22 control paths from five ants. (D) In a second experiment, ants were trained to a stepped wall that began at a height of 40 cm and dropped to a height of 20 cm after 100 cm, and they were tested with a uniform 40 cm high wall. (E) Mean trajectories from test and training runs in this condition, and (F) mean difference between a test run and the previous training run by that individual. Means are calculated from 55 test and 55 control paths from seven ants. The arrow in F indicates the only point where the gradients of adjacent sections are significantly different (t-test, t=2.4, d.f.=108, P<0.05).

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