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Fig. 11. Non-dimensional angular velocity of pitching rotation and azimuthal rotation (A), aerodynamic (B) and inertial (C) torque coefficients for translation (CQ,a,t and CQ,i,t, respectively) and rotation (CQ,a,r and CQ,i,r, respectively) versus time during one cycle (midstroke angle of attack {alpha}m=35°, delayed rotation, non-dimensional duration of wing rotation {Delta}{tau}r=0.36{tau}c). {tau}c, non-dimensional period of one flapping cycle; {tau}, non-dimensional time.





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