Fig. 1. Joint kinematics (A) and joint torque patterns (B) during a maximal-effort
jump in Rana pipiens. (A) The joint angle changes during the take-off
phase of jumping (when the feet are in contact with the ground) are shown. In
each panel, the y axis (joint angle) has the same range of 160°.
(B) The net torques due to the combination of active muscle forces, passive
forces in connective tissues and forces arising from interaction between the
metatarsal segment and the ground (see Materials and methods). In each panel,
the y axis (torque) has a range of 0.8 N cm. The joint degrees of
freedom (DOFs) illustrated are: extensor DOF of the hip (Hip ext.), extensor
DOF of the knee (Knee ext.), extensor DOF of the ankle (Ankle ext.), adduction
DOF of the hip (Hip add.), external rotation DOF of the hip (Hip rot.),
adduction DOF of the knee (Knee add.), external rotation DOF of the knee (Knee
rot.) and the iliosacral joint.
