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Fig. 4. Horizontal (Ch) (A,C) and vertical (Cv) (B,D) `propeller' force coefficients over a range of angles of incidence {alpha}' under `early' (A,B) and `steady' (C,D) conditions for model hawkmoth wings with a range of aspect ratios (AR). Grey lines show `early' and `steady' coefficients for `pooled' standard hawkmoth from Usherwood and Ellington (2002).





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