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Fig. 5. Flow and force vectors relating to a wing element. U, velocity of wing element; Ur, relative velocity of air at a wing element; w0, vertical component of induced downwash velocity; {alpha}, geometric angle of attack; {alpha}r, effective angle of attack; {epsilon}, downwash angle; Fh' and Fv', orthogonal horizontal and vertical forces; FR', single resultant force; L' and Dpro', orthogonal lift and profile drag forces.





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