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Fig. 14. Polar diagram showing the results of dividing the resultant force coefficient into horizontal and vertical coefficients using the `normal force relationship'. The original data are for real hawkmoth wings in translational flow at a Reynolds number of 5560 (Willmott and Ellington, 1997c). {alpha} ranges from -50 to 70° in 10° increments. Ch, horizontal force coefficient; Cv, vertical force coefficient; {alpha}, geometric angle of attack.





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