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Fig. 12. Polar diagrams for real hawkmoth wings in steady translating flow and `pooled' model hawkmoth wings in revolution under `early' (upper grey line) and `steady' (lower grey line) conditions. Data for hawkmoth in translational flow are taken from Willmott and Ellington (1997c) for a Reynolds number of 5560, and {alpha} ranges from -50 to 70° in 10° increments. Ch, horizontal force coefficient; Cv, vertical force coefficient; {alpha}, geometric angle of attack.





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