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Fig. 12. Polar diagrams for real hawkmoth wings in steady translating flow and
`pooled' model hawkmoth wings in revolution under `early' (upper grey line)
and `steady' (lower grey line) conditions. Data for hawkmoth in translational
flow are taken from Willmott and Ellington
(1997c) for a Reynolds number
of 5560, and
ranges from -50 to 70° in 10° increments.
Ch, horizontal force coefficient; Cv,
vertical force coefficient;
, geometric angle of attack.
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