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Fig. 11. Smoke flow over hawkmoth wings at
=0° (A) and
=35°
(B) revolving steadily at 0.1 Hz. Smoke was released from various positions
(marked with white arrows) on the leading edge and upper surface of the wings.
At very low angles of attack, the smoke describes an approximately circular
path as the wing revolves underneath. At higher angles of attack, a spiral
leading-edge vortex and strong spanwise flow are visible.
, geometric
angle of attack.
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