Fig. 9. (A) Dorsal view of a dove in a medium-speed upstroke (7 m s-1)
posture showing the three markers on the wing (shoulder, wrist and ninth
primary tip) used to establish the position of the wing leading edge and the
incident airflow and effective wing length. As shown in the figure, an
extended proximal wing and slightly flexed distal wing (with effective length
less than geometric length) are typical of a medium-speed upstroke. (B) Dorsal
view of a cockatiel in mid-upstroke configuration in fast flight (11 m
s-1). Note that, although overall wingspan is similar in both
species, mean dove body mass is 83 % greater than that of the cockatiels,
leading to a much higher wing loading in doves.
