Fig. 10. Representative results for several kinematic and aerodynamic variables
obtained for two wingbeats of dove 2 flying at (A) 1 m s-1, (B) 5 m
s-1, (C) 9 m s-1 and (D) 17 m s-1. Each plot
shows (i) vertical (z direction) motions of the wrist and wing tip,
(ii) distal and proximal effective wing lengths (b), (iii) distal and
proximal incident airflow (Wt), (iv) distal and proximal
wing angles of attack (
) and (v) distal and proximal circulation
(
). The y-axis and x-axis scales are the same for all
speeds. Shading indicates downstroke periods, which were determined from the
z-axis (vertical) wrist motion.
