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Fig. 7. Electrical stimulation at high intensity of the cockatiel’s right tracheosyringeal nerve cranial to the common anastomosis produces a vigorous bilateral abduction of the lateral tympaniform membranes (LTM) (yellow arrowheads). (a) Quiet breathing. (b) Nerve stimulation. Note the four tracheosyringeal cartilages (TC) below the LTM extending towards the bronchial divide. (c) Return to quiet breathing. D, dorsal side; V, ventral side; S, dorso-ventral slot; SP, m. syringealis profundus.





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