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Fig. 1. Diagram of the muscle units used in sphincter models: (A) as in Van Duin et al. (1998, 1999); (B) as in Bastiaanssen et al. (1996a,b); (C) as in Usui and Hirata (1995). CE, contractile element; EE, elastic element; VE, viscous element. Arrows show directions of external forces on the systems.





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