Fig. 3. Representative illustration of the complex kinematics of the bat wing after
curve-fitting raw data; this view depicts the movements of the carpus (open
squares) and wingtip (filled circles) with respect to the shoulder joint
during both a downstroke and an upstroke. The lines connecting the shoulder
(coordinates 0,0) and the carpus schematically represent armwing length, and
those between the carpus and the wingtip, handwing length. Time intervals
between data points are equal and show that the wrist, in particular, moves
far more rapidly in midstroke than at other times in the wingbeat cycle.
