Fig.2. Contribution of added mass inertia to total measured aerodynamic force. The traces shown were taken from a representative kinematic pattern (stroke amplitude =180°, maximum stroke deviation =0, angle of attack =45°, flip start, ₀=0.05, flip duration =-0.1). The blue trace represents the total normal force measured on the wing. The static gravitational component has been subtracted. The black trace represents the added mass inertia estimated using equation 1. Added mass inertia is zero throughout most of the stroke because the linear velocity of the wing is constant. The red trace represents the total measured force after subtracting added mass inertia. The contribution of added mass inertia to the measured aerodynamic forces is small, as indicated by the similarity of the red and blue traces.

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