Fig.10. The effects of wing kinematics on profile power
and the lift-to-power
ratio
/
.
Procedures
for plotting data are as described in Fig.4, Fig.7 and Fig.9. The pseudocolor scale for A and B is
shown below B, and the scale for D and E is shown below E. (A) Profile
power as a function of stroke amplitude and angle of attack. (B)
Profile power as a function of flip start and flip duration. Flip
timing is shown on the right axis. Profile power varies by a factor of
2 within the parameter space, indicating that flip kinematics are
important determinants of flight cost. (C) Profile power as a function
of stroke deviation for oval (blue) and figure-of-eight (red)
patterns. Stroke deviation has only a minor effect on profile
power. (D) The ratio of mean lift to mean profile power,
/,
as a function of stroke amplitude and angle of attack. Like the mean
lift coefficient (Fig.5A), there is a single angle of attack
that maximizes
/,
for each value of stroke amplitude. (E) The ratio of mean lift to mean
profile power as a function of flip start, flip duration and flip
timing. (F) The ratio of mean lift to mean profile power as a function
of stroke deviation for oval (blue) and figure-of-eight (red)
deviation.
