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First published online April 17, 2009
Journal of Experimental Biology 212, 1336-1343 (2009)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2009
doi: 10.1242/jeb.028449

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Dynamics of PHA-induced immune response and plasma carotenoids in birds: should we have a closer look?

C. Biard^1,2,*, C. Hardy¹, S. Motreuil¹ and J. Moreau¹

¹ Equipe Ecologie Evolutive, UMR 5561 Biogéosciences, Université de Bourgogne, 6 Bd Gabriel, F-21000 Dijon, France
² Konrad Lorenz Institute for Ethology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Savoyenstraße 1a, A-1160 Wien, Austria

View larger version (13K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Mean (±s.e.m.) variation over the course of the experiment in (A) wing web thickness (mm) (B) body mass (g) and (C) plasma carotenoid concentration (ng µl–1) in immune-challenged (black circles, solid lines) and control (open circles, broken lines) blackbirds. Statistically significant differences between groups at P<0.001 and P=0.01 are indicated by *** and **, respectively. Non-significant differences are indicated by n.s. See Table 1 for corresponding statistics.

View larger version (8K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Individual wing web thickness in immune-challenged birds over time. For clarity, only 12 individuals are presented; the two birds showing a peak in wing web thickness on day 2 (thick broken line) and among the birds showing a peak on day 1, five of those showing a slow (solid line) or rapid (thin broken line) decrease in wing web thickness between days 1 and 4.

View larger version (7K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Maximum change in plasma carotenoid concentration (ng µl–1) between days 0 and 2 in immune-challenged birds, as a function of initial value on day 0 (F1,31=21.49, P<0.0001, slope estimate ± s.e.m. = –0.42±0.09).

View larger version (10K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Wing web swelling on day 1 (mm), calculated as the difference in thickness between days 1 and 0 as a function of (A) initial plasma carotenoids concentration (ng µl–1) and (B) the relative maximum decrease in plasma carotenoids (negative residuals indicate a more important decrease and positive values a less important decrease than expected from the individual's initial plasma carotenoid concentration, see Fig. 3 and text for details).

View larger version (11K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Decrease in wing web swelling (mm) (calculated as swelling on one day minus swelling on the previous day) as a function of initial plasma carotenoid concentration (ng µl–1) between (A) days 1 and 2 and (B) days 2 and 4 (slope estimate ± s.e.m. = 0.18±0.08).

View larger version (4K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Mean (±s.e.m.) variation in bill colour score between days 0 and 11 as a function of treatment group. PBS, phosphate-buffered saline; PHA, phytohemagglutinin.

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