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First published online March 27, 2009
Journal of Experimental Biology 212, 1225-1233 (2009)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2009
doi: 10.1242/jeb.026963
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A multifactorial test of the effects of carotenoid access, food intake and parasite load on the production of ornamental feathers and bill coloration in American goldfinches

Geoffrey E. Hill*, Wendy R. Hood and Kristal Huggins

Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36830, USA


Figure 1
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  		Fig. 1. Mean yellow hue (A) and yellow chroma (B) of breast feathers of male American goldfinches held on diets supplemented with either low or high doses of lutein and zeaxanthin. Lines above the bars show standard errors of the mean.

 

Figure 2
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  		Fig. 2. Pie charts showing the results of an Eta-squared analysis describing the proportion of variation in yellow hue (A), yellow chroma (B), UV chroma (C) and brightness of yellow body plumage (D) of male American goldfinches that was explained by carotenoid intake (yellow), food access (blue) or drug treatment (i.e. drug dose; red) or that remained unexplained (unexpl; gray). Also shown is the proportion of variation explained by the interactions among treatments. Significant interactions are displayed in secondary colors as indicated by the bar under the arrow connecting the interacting variables.

 

Figure 3
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  		Fig. 3. Mean yellow hue or yellow chroma of bills of male American goldfinches held with continuous or pulsed treatment with sulfadimethoxine (A), with ad libitum or restricted food access (B) and with either low or high doses of lutein and zeaxanthin (C). Lines above bars show standard errors of the mean.

 

Figure 4
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  		Fig. 4. Mean brightness of the dark or yellow portions of bills of male American goldfinches held with either low or high doses of lutein and zeaxanthin (A and C) or with ad libitum or restricted food access (B and D). Lines above bars show standard errors of the mean.

 

Figure 5
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  		Fig. 5. Pie charts showing results of an Eta-squared analysis describing proportion of variation in yellow hue (A), yellow chroma (B) and the brightness of the yellow (C) or black portions (D) of bills of male American goldfinches that was explained by carotenoid intake (yellow), food access (blue) or drug treatment (i.e. drug dose; red) or that remained unexplained (unexpl; gray). Also shown is the proportion of variation explained by the interactions among treatments. Significant interactions are displayed in secondary colors as indicated by the bar under the arrow connecting the interacting variables. Black in C indicates a significant three-way interaction.

 

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© The Company of Biologists Ltd 2009