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First published online March 27, 2009
Journal of Experimental Biology 212, 1106-1114 (2009)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2009
doi: 10.1242/jeb.027888
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Mimicking the natural doping of migrant sandpipers in sedentary quails: effects of dietary n-3 fatty acids on muscle membranes and PPAR expression

Simba Nagahuedi, Jason T. Popesku, Vance L. Trudeau and Jean-Michel Weber*

Biology Department, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada


Figure 1
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  		Fig. 1. Changes in the activities (µmol g–1 min–1) of Krebs cycle enzymes (CS and COX) and β-oxidation enzymes (CPT and HOAD) in quail pectoral muscle for the different treatment groups (EPA, DHA and EPA+DHA). Values are means ± s.e.m. (N=8, except for DHA where N=7). Asterisks indicate differences from control (P<0.05). Abbreviations: CS, citrate synthase; HOAD, 3-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase; CPT, carnitine palmitoyl transferase; COX, cytochrome oxidase; EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid; DHA, docosahexaenoic acid.

 

Figure 2
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  		Fig. 2. Effects of dietary n-3 fatty acids and gemfibrozil (GEM) on the mRNA levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) {alpha}, β and {gamma}, in quail pectoral muscle. The expression of PPAR genes is normalized to the expression of 18S. EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid; DHA, docosahexaenoic acid. Values are means ± s.e.m. (N=8, except for DHA where N=7) and asterisks indicate differences from control (P<0.05).

 

Figure 3
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  		Fig. 3. Changes in the % contribution of individual fatty acids in total phospholipids from muscle for the different treatment groups (Control, EPA, DHA and EPA+DHA). Values are means ± s.e.m. (N=8, except for DHA where N=7) and asterisks indicate differences from control (P<0.05). See Fig. 1 for abbreviations.

 

Figure 4
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  		Fig. 4. Changes in the % contribution of individual fatty acids in membranes from isolated muscle mitochondria for the different treatment groups (Control, EPA, DHA and EPA+DHA). Values are means ± s.e.m. (N=8, except for DHA where N=7) and asterisks indicate differences from control (P<0.05). See Fig. 1 for abbreviations.

 

Figure 5
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  		Fig. 5. Changes in the % contribution of individual fatty acids in isolated sarcoplasmic reticulum for the different treatment groups (Control, EPA, DHA, and EPA+DHA). Values are means ± s.e.m. (N=8, except for DHA where N=7) and asterisks indicate differences from control (P<0.05). See Fig. 1 for abbreviations.

 

Figure 6
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  		Fig. 6. Relative changes in the fatty acid composition of muscle membrane phospholipids in (A) captive quails fed different diets (Control, EPA, DHA, EPA+DHA) and (B) wild semipalmated sandpipers during pre-migration refueling. Values are means ± s.e.m. See Fig. 1 for abbreviations.

 

Figure 7
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  		Fig. 7. Changes in the n-3/n-6 ratio of membrane phospholipids caused by the incorporation of dietary n-3 fatty acids. Captive quails fed different diets are indicated in grey, and migrating semipalmated sandpipers feeding on marine invertebrates in black. Values are means ± s.e.m. Asterisks indicate differences from control in quails, and a difference between lean and fat birds in sandpipers (P<0.05).

 

Figure 8
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  		Fig. 8. Relationships between the n-3/n-6 ratio of muscle membrane phospholipids and the activities of Krebs cycle enzymes (CS and COX) or β-oxidation enzymes (CPT and HOAD). Lines were fitted by linear regression on individual values (N=31) and are only indicated when the slope was significantly different from 0. CS activity vs n-3/n-6 ratio: activity=(54.858xratio)+ 162.244. HOAD activity vs n-3/n-6 ratio: activity=(16.812xratio)+32.920. Values are means ± s.e.m. (N=8, except for DHA where N=7). See Fig. 1 for abbreviations.

 

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© The Company of Biologists Ltd 2009